Introduction
1. SAE classifications
level 0: No Driving Automation at all. The
driver performs the entire dynamic driving task (DDT), even if there are
warnings that pop up such as a Check Engine light.
level 1: Driver Assistance. The vehicle can
assist with steering or speed in certain circumstances, but the human is still
fully in charge of driving.
level 2: Partial Driving Automation. The
vehicle can take over steering and speed altogether in certain circumstances,
but the human is still fully in charge of driving.
level 3: Conditional Driving Automation. The
vehicle steers, takes care of speed and monitors the road. The human is still
required to take over when the system needs help.
level 4: High Driving Automation. The vehicle
can pretty much do everything, even if the human driver does not respond to the
request.
level 5: Full Driving Automation. The vehicle
does absolutely everything a human driver could do without operational design
domain(ODD).
1.
Waymo
is an autonomous car developed by Google's parent company, Alpahbet Inc.. Waymo
is able to drive autonomously without any human assistance. In June 2015, the
team announced that their vehicles have now driven over 1,000,000 mi
(1,600,000 km), stating that this was "the equivalent of 75 years of
typical U.S. adult driving", and that in the process they had encountered
200,000 stop signs, 600,000 traffic lights, and 180 million other vehicles.
2.
Otto
is an autonomous truck from an American self-driving technology company Otto.
The truck drivers will be able to take lunch breaks and naps in the cab while
the Otto fully steers itself down the highway, requiring him or her to take
control only on regular roads. Otto has been put into road test for 6 months
and it has completed a delivery of 50,000 cans of beers in one test.
1.Waymo can be rated as
level 4 in the SAE classifications. Waymo can drive autonomously without any
human supervision. It can also respond to the road users and other objects on
the road. When system failure occurs, Waymo can automatically find the safest
solution without turning to the driver for help. However, Waymo is not able to
work under extreme conditions yet which means ODD for it is limitted.
2.
Otto can be rated as level 4. The truck can take control of the steer and speed
with the ability to recognize objects and events on the road. However, it can
only drive itself on the highway.
1.
Delivery. With the application of autonomous vehicles, the time wasted on the
road can be reduced a lot since autonomous vehicles are able to drive longer
without stopping for a break. In this case, the average cost on transportation
can be reduced.
2.
Sightseeing buses. Autonoumous vehicles can be applied in tourist attractions
as sightseeing buses which provide tourists an opportunity to experience driverless
car. It can also relieve the over-crowd problems during holidays.
3.
Picking up children. Parents with full-time jobs can focus on their work without
worries about driving their children to and from school. Of course, safety of autonomous
vehicles should be stressed here.
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